Gravitational Waves

Great excitement rippled through the physics world as astronomers announced that their new US observatory has detected a gravitational wave, a phenomenon Albert Einstein predicted a century ago in his theory of general relativity.

 

What are gravitational waves?

• Gravitational waves are extremely faint ripples in the fabric of space and time that come from some of the most violent events in the universe. In this case, it is from the merger of two black holes 1.3 billion light-years away. The way to think of this is to imagine a mesh net and visualize pulling on its ends. Those kinks are sort of like what a gravitational wave does.
• Albert Einstein predicted gravitational waves in his general theory of relativity a century ago. Under this theory, space and time are interwoven into something called "space-time" - adding a fourth dimension to our concept of the Universe, in addition to our 3D perception of it.
• Einstein predicted that mass warps space-time through its gravitational force. A common analogy is to view space-time as a trampoline, and mass as a bowling ball placed on it. Objects on the trampoline's surface will "fall" towards the centre - representing gravity.

 

Massive bodies warp space-time: How our sun and Earth warp space and time, or space-time, is represented here with a green grid. (Image: LIGO)

  

• When objects with mass accelerate, such as when two black holes spiral towards each other, they send waves along the curved space-time around them at the speed of light, like ripples on a pond.
• The more massive the object, the larger the wave and the easier for scientists to detect.
• Gravitational waves do not interact with matter and travel through the Universe completely unimpeded.
• The strongest waves are caused by the most cataclysmic processes in the Universe - black holes coalescing, massive stars exploding, or the very birth of the Universe some 13.8 billion years ago.

Why is the detection of gravitational waves important?

• It ended the search for proof of a key prediction in Einstein's theory, which changed the way that humanity perceived key concepts like space and time.
• Detectable gravitational waves open exciting new avenues in astronomy - allowing measurements of faraway stars, galaxies and black holes based on the waves they make.
• Indirectly, it also adds to the evidence that black holes - never directly observed - do actually exist.
• So-called primordial gravitational waves, the hardest kind to detect would boost another leading theory of cosmology, that of "inflation" or exponential expansion of the infant Universe.
• Primordial waves are theorised to still be resonating throughout the Universe today, though feebly.
• If they are found, they would tell us about the energy scale at which inflation ocurred, shedding light on the Big Bang itself.

 Why are gravitational waves they so elusive?

• Einstein himself doubted gravitational waves would ever be detected given how small they are.
• Ripples emitted by a pair of merging black holes, for example, would stretch a one-million-kilometre (621,000-mile) ruler on Earth by less than the size of an atom.
• Waves coming from tens of millions of light-years away would deform a four-kilometer light beam such as those used at the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) by about the width of a proton.

 How have we looked for them?

• Before now, gravitational waves had only been detected indirectly. 
• In 1974, scientists found that the orbits of a pair of neutron stars in our galaxy, circling a common centre of mass, were getting smaller at a rate consistent with a loss of energy through gravitational waves.  
• That discovery earned the Nobel Physics Prize in 1993. Experts say the first direct detection of gravitational waves is likely to be bestowed the same honour.
• After American physicist Joseph Weber built the first aluminium cylinder-based detectors in the 1960s, decades of effort followed using telescopes, satellites and laser beams.
• Earth - and space-based telescopes have been trained on cosmic microwave background, a faint glow of light left over from the Big Bang, for evidence of it being curved and stretched by gravitational waves.
• Using this method, American astrophysicists announced two years ago they had identified gravitational waves using a telescope called BICEP2, stationed at the South Pole. But they later had to admit they made an error.
• Another technique involves detecting small changes in distances between objects.



The approximate location of the source of gravitational waves detected on September 14, 2015, by the twin LIGO facilities is shown on this sky map of the southern hemisphere. (Image: LIGO)



• Gravitational waves passing through an object distort its shape, stretching and squeezing it in the direction the wave is travelling, leaving a telltale, though miniscule, effect.
• Detectors such as LIGO  and its sister detector Virgo in Italy, are designed to pick up such distortions in laser light beams.
• At LIGO, scientists split the light into two perpendicular beams that travel over several kilometres to be reflected by mirrors back to the point where they started. Any difference in length upon their return would point to the influence of gravitational waves. 

 

• LIGO operates two gravitational wave observatories in unison: the LIGO Livingston Observatory in Livingston, Louisiana, and the LIGO Hanford Observatory, on the DOE Hanford Site, located near Richland, Washington. These sites are separated by 3,002 kilometers. Since gravitational waves are expected to travel at the speed of light, this distance corresponds to a difference in gravitational wave arrival times of up to ten milliseconds.
• LIGO works on idea of travelling of Light to cover a certain distance. If the space between two points is stretched the light will take longer from go to one point to another & If the space between them squeezes light take less time to cross the two points.

• When Gravitational waves passes through LIGO, It stretches the ground on one direction and squeezes on the other direction. The laser beam used in them indicates the changes by measuring the time lag of their travel. If travel time increases it means ground stretches and if it is decreasing than ground squeezes. The precision in calculation is extremely needed.

Gravitational-wave observatories across the globe. A sixth observatory is being planned in India. (Image: LIGO)

How is this "hearing" the cosmos?

Scientists mostly use the word "hear" when describing gravitational waves, and the data does, in fact, arrive in audio form.  They translated them in Sound waves. To prove they found a gravitational wave, the researchers played a recording of what they called a chirp.


What's next?

Expect more waves. It could be as many as a few a month or as little as a few per year. The observatory is also being further upgraded to hear even fainter, more distant waves.